8.2 summary

Chloroplasts are like chemical factories inside plant cells. To run these factories energy comes from the sun. Sunlight is a form of electromagnetic energy that can travel in waves, the adjzcent difference between two waves are called waveengths. Wavelengths are measured through the Electromagnetic Spectrum. A substance's colour is determined by its pigments where it absorbs, transmits, or reflects light waves, this can be discovered through Paper Chromatography. Within the thylakoid membrane, chlorophyll and other molecules are arranged in clusters. Light reactions change light energy into chemical energy through two processes; water-splitting photosystem and the NADPH-producing photosystem.

Wavelength-the distance between two adjacent waves
Electromagnetic Spectrum-the range of electromagnetic energy from gamma to radio waves
Pigment-chemical compounds that give color to a substance
Paper Chromatography-a laboratory technique that is used to observe the pigments inside a leaf
Photosystem-cluster of chlorophyll and other molecules inside a thylakoid

Concept Check
1. A leaf looks green because it absorbs all the different types of rays except green.
2.When a chlorophyll molecule absorbs light they turn an electron excited from ground state to excited state, it causes the electron to jump from molecule to molecule until it gets turned into ATP or NADPH through the primary electron acceptor.
3.Besides oxygen, light reactions also produce ATP and NADPH molecules.
4.Light reactions take place inside the thylakoid, inside the chloroplast.

8.1 summary

Photosynthesis is the process by which plants and other producers convert the energy of the sunlight into the energy stored in organic molecules. Cellular respiration occurs in a chloroplast that contains an inner membrane filled with Thylakoids within a thick fluid called Stroma. The two main stages of Photosynthesis are the light reactions followed by the calvin cycle. The light reaction converts sunlight to chemical energy, its chlorophylls capture sunlight and the chloroplasts separate electrons from water molecules, electrons and hydrogen ions make NADPH, which generate ATP from sunlight. The Calvin cycle produces sugars from the atoms in carbon dioxide including hydrogen ions and high energy electrons.

Chloroplast-A structure in cells where photosynthesis takes place
Chlorophyll-chemical compounds in Chloroplasts that give organelles its green colour
Stroma-Thick fluid that encloses the inner membrane Thylakoid-Disk shaped sacs suspended in the stroma in the inner membrane Light reactions-Conversion of sunlight into chemical energy
Calvin Cycle-creation of sugar from the atoms in carbon dioxide including hydrogen ions and high energy electrons.

Concept Check
1. Image from: http://kybiologywonderland.blogspot.com/

2. The reactants for photosynthesis are CO2 and H2O and the products are glucose and O2.

3.The two main stages of photosynthesis are Light reactions and Calvin Cycle, the light reactions supply the Calvin Cycle with energy then Calvin Cycle supplies them back with carriers that collect ATP energy and electrons.

5.5 summary

To start a chemical reaction, one needs to weaken the chemical bonds found in the reactants. This process requires that the molecules be able to absorb energy and it is known as activation energy. One way to weaken the chemical bonds is to heat it up, some cellular reactions use something known as catalysts, which speed up the chemical reaction. The main catalysts of chemical reactions are known as enzymes which are specialized proteins. An enzyme catalyzes only one type of reaction by specific reactions only allow enzyme of a certain shape and a specific reactant acted upon by an enzyme is called the enzyme's substrate. The substrate only fits into a certain region of an enzyme known as the active site.



Concept Check
1. Explain the role of activation energy in a reaction. How does an enzyme affect activation energy? The role of activation energy in a reaction is that this is the initial energy with which a reaction starts. This energy activates reactants to start a chemical reaction. An enzyme lowers the activation energy, thus speeding up the chemical reaction.
2. Describe how a subtrate interacts with an enyzme. A subtrate interacts with an enzyme by entering the active site of the enzyme. The fit between the subtrate and the enzyme is not rigid, but instead the enzyme's active sight slightly changes shape to fit the subtrate.88

5.4 summary

Proteins function in our cells.

-A protein is a polymer that is constructed from a set of 20 different monomers known as amino acids. 

-An amino acid monomer consists of a central carbon atoms that is covalent bonds to four other atoms or molecules.

-Polypeptide is a chain of proteins linked by amino acids. Most polypeptide chains are at least 100 amino acids in length.

-Denaturation is a process in which an unfavorable change in the environment has caused a protein to unravel and loose its normal shape.

Picture of protein foods, from http://www.dkimages.com/discover/ previews/836/965507.JPG

Concept Check

1. Give at least two example of proteins you can "see" in the world around you. What are their functions?
Two examples of proteins that you can see around you is hair/fur and muscles. Hair/fur keeps an animal warm and gives it texture. Muscles help you move to catch prey and find foods.
2. Relate amino acids, polypeptides, and proteins. 
Amino acids is a central carbon atom bonded to four different atoms through covalent bonds, polypeptides are chains of amino acids and proteins are polymers also made of amino acids. 
3. Explain how heat can destroy a protein.
It can destroy a protein by changing the environment around a protein causing it to unravel and loose its normal shape.
4. Which parts of an amino acid's structure are the same in all amino acids? Which part is unique? 

Three of the carbon's partners are the same in all amino acids.

5.3 summary

-Lipids are water avoiding compounds that are unable to mix with water, compounds like these are hydrophobic meaning "water fearing".

-Fat consists of a three carbon backbone called glycerol that is attached to three fatty acids.

-Saturated fat contains the maximum number of hydrogen atoms in all three fatty acid chains.

-Unsaturated fat contains less than the maximum number of hydrogen atoms in one or more f it's fatty acid chains because some of it's carbon atoms are double bonded.

-Steroids are lipid molecules which the carbon skeleton forms four fused rings, but steroids are different from fats in structure and funtion. Steroids go around your body and acts as chemical signals.

-Cholestrol is an essential molecule found in the membrane that surrounds your cells.

Picture of fatty foods, from http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/74/McDonald's_French

_fries_Potato_(01).jpg

Concept Check
1.What property do lipids share?
Lipids are hydropholic meaning avoid water molecules.
2.What are the parts of a fat molecule?
A fat molecule consists of a three-carbon backbone called glycerol that is attached to three fatty acids.
3.Desribe two ways that steroids differ from fats.
Two ways that steroids differ from fats are that have different structures, steroids' carbon skeleton is a four fused ring structure, where as a fat is three carbon backbone. And steroids functions different from fats by working as chemical signals.
4.What does the term unsaturated fat on a food label mean?
The term unsaturated fat on a food label mean that they might be healthier than saturated fat foods.

5.2.summary

5.2 talks about carbohydrates that provide fuel and building materials.

-A carbohydrate is a type of organic compound made of sugar molecules. 

-Monosaccharides are simple sugars that contain one sugar unit. Examples of monosaccharides are fructose, glucose, and galactose. 

-Disaccharides are basically two monosaccharides joined together and the most common dissaccharide is sucrose. 

-Polysaccharides are long polymer chains of simple sugar monomers, starch is a type of polysaccharide found in plant cells which consists of only glucose monomers. 

-Animal cells are different they don't contain starch, so they store excess sugar in the form of a polysaccharide known as glycogen.

-Many carbohydrates are hydrophillic due to the many hydroxyl groups their sugar units. 

Picture of carbohydrates, from http://invitrofertilitygoddess.com/wp-content/uploads/slow%20carbs.jpg

Concept Check
1. Explain the difference between a monosaccharide and a dissacharide. Give an example of each.
Monosaccharides are single sugar units dissacharides are double sugars that are made by two monosaccharides.
2. Compare and contrast starch, glycogen and cellulose.
Starch is a polysaccharide found in plants constructed entirely of glucose monomers. Glycogen is found in animals, and is used to store excess sugar in the form of a polysaccharide. Cellulose is a polysaccharide found in plants that serve as building materials.

3. How do animals store excess glucose molecules?
Animals store glucose as glycogen. Glycogen is usually stored as granules in liver and muscle cells.

5.1 summary

Carbon is the main ingredient of organic molecules. 

-Carbon atoms form with more carbon atoms creating carnbon based molecules called organic molcules non carbon based molecules are called inorganic molecules. 

-Functional groups are a group of atoms that reacts in a predictable way to other molecules.

-Hydroxyl groups are hydrophic meaning they attract water molecules. Larger molecules are made of many smaller molecular units called monomers. 

-Long chains of monomers are called polymers. Organisms have to build and break down polymers.

Picture of functional groups, from http://kvhs.nbed.nb.ca/gallant/biology/functional_groups.jpg

Concept Check 5.1
1. Draw a molecule that has a three-carbon skeleton and a hydroxyl group on the middle carbon.

picture from, http://littlezhelovesmarshmallows.blogspot.com/

2. Explain the connection between monomers and polymers.

Polymers are made of 2 monomers.
3. What molecule is released during the construction of a polymer? What is this reaction called?A water molecule is released after the construction of a polymer in a reaction called a dehydration reaction.
4. Draw at least three ways in which five carbon atoms could be joined to make different carbon skeletons.

pictures from http://littlezhelovesmarshmallows.blogspot.com/

RH400

That red thing there people is the world's biggest hydraulic face shovel, the O&K (orenstein and koppel) terex rh400. It is classified in the 1000 ton class, and has 2 engines that produce up to 4400hp to power it's hydraulics that dig it's big bucket into the earth. If you're rich enough to buy it you must be rich enough to run, it costs only 12million USD without fuel, insurance, etc. And if it breaks down it will take more money to fix it than to buy a new one.

World's longest Roadtrain

The world's longest roadtrain, a normal mack titan tri drive powered by a cummin signature 600hp. It pulled 120 trailers that measured 1700 metres. It was pulled at clifton at Meara Place on the February 18 2006 during midday and was driven by john atkinson. This record has not been broken yet and is recorded in the guiness book of records.

About truckqwert

This is a mack titan one of my favourite kinds of trucks. I am alexander choi and I was born in australia, brisbane on 1994 march 1st. I lived in australia for 5 years then moved to papua new guinea and lived there for 6 years then I moved to guangzhou and I have lived here for 2 years. I go to aisg and I like trucks, earthmovers, games, guns, and not cars. I like mack, kenworth, freightliner, scania, volvo, man, mercedes, hino, isuzu, nissan, mitsubitshi, etc. trucks. I like roadtrains, because they are oversized long powerful trucks, that are only found in australia's outback. Australia rocks!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! Nobody will send a comment because this is about trucks!!!!!